Why Bronze Age Farmers Preferred Wine Over Olives: Exploring Ancient Agricultural Choices

Grapes and olives have been staples in agriculture for nearly 10,000 years, with their cultivation often reflecting the resilience and adaptability of early farmers. A recent study, published on September 17 in PLOS One, reveals that during challenging periods in the Levant and northern Mesopotamia, ancient agricultural societies prioritized grape cultivation and wine production over olives.

The research indicates that as climate instability affected olive and grape cultivation, communities exhibited a notable commitment to maintaining wine production. The study states, “Various researchers have demonstrated periods of instability in the cultivation of olives and grapes in the eastern Mediterranean, dating back to at least the Early Bronze Age.”

The team behind this study broadened the scope beyond previous research, which primarily focused on the southern Levant. They analyzed over 1,500 charred samples of olive (Olea europaea) and grape (Vitis vinifera) from various archaeological sites, covering distinct climate zones. By examining stable carbon isotope ratios, the researchers could infer moisture availability during the plants’ growth.

The results showed that while early water stress matched expected seasonal changes, later periods exhibited variable water levels. These fluctuations aligned with significant climate changes, highlighting the reliance on irrigation techniques. Evidence from the Middle Bronze Age indicates that regions often favored grape cultivation over olives, showcasing advanced irrigation efforts even in less suitable climate zones. This suggests that grapes, and the wine produced from them, held immense cultural and economic significance for these communities.

The findings draw attention to the agricultural strategies employed by early civilizations, illustrating their ability to adapt to environmental challenges. The researchers assert, “It reminds us that people in the past were just as smart as people today,” emphasizing that the necessity of resource management and resilience to climate change has been a long-standing issue in human history.

For further details, refer to the study published in PLOS One here.

About the Author: Chris Lehoux

Meet Chris Lehoux, an experienced wine connoisseur and dedicated blogger with a deep passion for all things wine-related. With years of expertise in the industry, Chris shares insightful wine reviews, valuable wine tasting tips, expert pairing advice, and captivating tales of vineyard visits. Join Chris on a journey through the world of wine, where every sip is an adventure waiting to be savored!